Answer:
A carcinogen can be described as any substance which can lead to cancer.
Various types of pollution produce certain kinds of ions such as metal ions which are capable of producing cancer in humans.
Studies have shown that toxic metals from waste when disposed in lakes from industries or plant areas causes the toxic metals to get accumulated in the bodies of water animals such as the fishes. These organisms when consumed by humans can cause cancer.
The answer is that they are the building blocks from which proteins are made.
Since 2016, the amount of money was increased and nowadays, for each willful violation the penalty is 126 000$, unlike the previous times when it was 70 000$. This has increased a bit to 129 000$ due to inflation rates changing. Each repeated such violation will also cost 126 000$.