Step 1. Simplify brackets

Step 2. Simplify
13
Done! :)
Your answer is A. 13 Hope this helps!
Answer:
Abiotic factors are all of the non-living things in an ecosystem. Both biotic and abiotic factors are related to each other in an ecosystem, and if one factor is changed or removed, it can affect the entire ecosystem. Abiotic factors are especially important because they directly affect how organisms survive.
Answer:
flooding
Explanation:
The hurricane brings in enormous amounts of rainfall with it, often resulting in flooding. The ground squirrels in this scenario live relatively close to the ocean shore. They live in burrows, spending big portion of their time in them, as well as having their young ones sheltered in them. The heavy rainfall and the flooding of the area will result in filling the burrows with water. The damage for the population of ground squirrels will be enormous, with their young ones all drowning for sure, and the majority of the adults getting drowned as well, or maybe even all of them. Hope this helps!!!!!
Answer:
Increasing substrate concentration
Explanation:
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