McCulloch v. Maryland established the principle thata. as long as the national government does not violate theConstitution, its
policies take precedence over state policies.b. the national government has certain implied powers beyond those specified in the Constitution.c. the Constitution permits Congress to use all means "necessary and proper" to fulfill its duties.d. acting within its sphere, the national government can preempt state policies.e. All of the above
The conflict of the McCulloch v. Maryland case (1819) originated when James W. McCulloch, a cashier of the Baltimore branch of the bank, refused to pay a tax that the state of Maryland had imposed on The Second Bank of the United States.
Once in Court, the state of Maryland appealed that the establishment of the Second Bank was unconstitutional because the Constitution didn't say anything about granting that power to Congress.
However, the Supreme Court sided with McCulloch: it ruled that Congress indeed had the power to establish a national bank as one of its "implied powers" (B) supported by Section 8 of Article I of the U.S. Constitution which permits Congress to use all means "necessary and proper" to fulfill its duties (C); and it also asserted that the Constitution's laws were supreme and could not be controlled by the states, and by this it established the principles that the government's policies take precedence over state policies (A) and that it can preempt state policies (D).
The primary factors for migration among southern African Americans were segregation, an increase in the spread of racist ideology, widespread lynching (nearly 3,500 African Americans were lynched between 1882 and 1968), and lack of social and economic opportunities in the South.
