Radiation is the mechanism of heat transfer by which heat travel in a straight line at the speed of light, allowing heat to travel through vacuums and air spaces.
Radiation in physics is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or matter medium. This includes:
- Electromagnetic radiation such as radio waves, microwaves, infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays, X-rays, and gamma rays (γ)
- Particle radiation beams such as alpha rays (α), beta rays (β), proton rays, and neutron rays (with static energy non-zero particles)
- Acoustic Radiation such as ultrasound, sound waves, seismic waves (due to physical transmission media)
- Gravitational radiation in the form of gravitational waves, or waves of curvature of space-time
Radiation is often classified as either ionizing or non-ionizing, depending on the energy of the particles it hits.
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Answer:
F(M) = 0.7 F(N)=0.3
Explanation:
We need to take into account that individuals NN and MM only N or M aleles respectively while MN gives just half of the allelic contribution for each. With this in mind we have the following probabilities for getting each of the alleles: MM => p(M) = 1.0 and p(N)=0.0
MN => p(M ) = 0.5 and p(N) = 0.5
NN => P(M) = 0.0 and p(N) = 1.0
With this we can calculate the frequencies of the M and N alleles in the population with 100 individuals using the following formulas
For f(M):
The frequency of the M allele is 0.7
For f(N):
The frequency of the N allele is 0.3
They are genetically and reproductively isolated. For the mule the specific isolation mechanism is termed as "Hybrid Inviability", where the postzygotic isolating mechanism prevents the hybrid from passing on their genes. A zygote may form with the sperm and egg, but the embryo will dies after a few cell divisions. The genetic information from male and female parents is insufficient to carry the organism through morphogenesis. *There are rare documented cases of a mule producing a viable offspring.
