Answer:
1. The 2 bases forming each rung of the 'ladder' snap apart. This is caused by an enzyme that passes along the strands, 'unzipping' it
2. Spare nucleotides (in the nucleus of the cell) attach themselves to the 'broken rungs' to repair the break. Each repairing nucleotide is identical to the broken one
3. As each 'broken rung' is repaired, two 'ladders' form, that is 2 identical strands of DNA. The 'repairing' is really the process of replica
Explanation:
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In spherocytosis, there is a defect in the membrane proteins of the red blood cells, specifically ankyrin and spectrin. These membrane proteins contribute to the biconcave shape of red blood cells therefore the loss of these proteins will lead the red blood cells to lose its biconcave shape--leading to abnormally shaped red blood cells (spheres) hence the name. This can lead to premature destruction of red blood cells and jaundice due to hyperbilirubinemia. Spherocytes do not hold oxygen and carbon dioxide well as spherocytes have a decreased surface area.
Cells that have no mitochondria are unable to convert oxygen into energy, found in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). All multicellular eukaryotic organisms, including plants and animals, have mitochondria in some cells, but prokaryotes and some single-cell eukaryotes do not have mitochondria.
