Answer:
Molecular genetic approaches to the study of plant metabolism can be traced back to the isolation of the first cDNA encoding a plant enzyme (Bedbrook et al., 1980), the use of the Agrobacterium Ti plasmid to introduce foreign DNA into plant cells (Hernalsteens et al., 1980) and the establishment of routine plant transformation systems (Bevan, 1984; Horsch et al., 1985). It became possible to express foreign genes in plants and potentially to overexpress plant genes using cDNAs linked to strong promoters, with the aim of modifying metabolism. However, the discovery of the antisense phenomenon of plant gene silencing (van der Krol et al., 1988; Smith et al., 1988), and subsequently co‐suppression (Napoli et al., 1990; van der Krol et al., 1990), provided the most powerful and widely‐used methods for investigating the roles of specific enzymes in metabolism and plant growth. The antisense or co‐supression of gene expression, collectively known as post‐transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), has been particularly versatile and powerful in studies of plant metabolism. With such molecular tools in place, plant metabolism became accessible to investigation and manipulation through genetic modification and dramatic progress was made in subsequent years (Stitt and Sonnewald, 1995; Herbers and Sonnewald, 1996), particularly in studies of solanaceous species (Frommer and Sonnewald, 1995).
Amino acids are essentially the "building blocks" of proteins. You could think of it as an individual amino acid combining with others to form a link or stand.
Answer:
The suitable option will be - B
B) Phosphate and ADP form to make ATP which binds to the myosin head and causes cross-bridge to detach.
Explanation:
Until step 11, skeletal muscle has already done cross-bridge and power stroke. ADP is released just after the power stroke. After that phosphate and ADP form a new ATP which gets bound to the myosin head.
Then at step 11, cross-bridge is released as a new ATP is bound to myosin head.
So, we can say that option B is correct.
