Answer: Internal mental processes
Explanation: An internal mental process happens within someones mind, but are able to be studied. The internal mental process focuses on one's memory, attention span or lack there of, and perception. Due to using memory to recall events that may happen again because they have happened a first time, they are using/studying someones internal mental process.
All of the above,taxes are paid to all forms of government.
Nico's parents are attempting to use a negative reinforcement technique embodied in the operant conditioning framework to increase Nico's studying.
Operant conditioning is a learning mechanism which consists on affecting the strength of a behaviour by reinforcement or punishment, depending if the aim is to increase or decrease it , respectively.
In this example, Nico's parents want him to acquire good studying habits, hence they allow him to quit from tasks he hates at home if he does so, for instance, doing the dishes. Hence, if he does not behave properly he will suffer the consequences and do the dishes. This a negative reinforcement as if the conduct is not appropiate, the response will be the obligation to do a task he hates.
Here Jack is influenced by what Burrhus Frederic Skinner an American
psychologist calls negative reinforcement. Negative reinforcement which is the
opposite of positive reinforcement and it means that the rate of behavior is increased
in order to avoid an unpleasant situation or unpleasant stimulus or negative
outcome.
