energy enters an ecosystem through photosynthesis. By feeding on plants and on one another, animals play an important role in the movement of the matter/energy though. they also influence the quantity of plant and biomass present. so the anwser is D, secondary consumers to tertiary consumers
Cholera develops when the bacterial toxin prevents G-protein inactivation , which leads to the continuous production of cAMP.
In general B vitamins function in your body as? *Co-enzymes
<h3><u>Answer;</u></h3>
Gene therapy to correct defective genes that cause diseases.
<h3><u>Explanation</u>;</h3>
- Gene therapy refers to the procedure that involves the introduction of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) into the cells of an organism for the purpose of correcting abnormalities, such as a mutations or in other words to treat a genetic disease.
- Gene therapy entails bringing a normal and functional gene known as a trans-gene into a cell with altered gene. Another method can bring RNA capable of partially regulating or blocking the expression of an altered gene.
- The nucleic acids are introduced into the patient's cells by means of a viral vector or injected directly into the cells in the form of naked DNA.
Answer:
Release of electrons from reducing powers to O2 via four protein complexes allows release of small amount of energy at each step and makes the process energy efficient.
Explanation:
If NADH and FADH2 would reduce O2 directly, a large amount of energy would have been released in a single step. On the other hand, oxidation of these reducing powers through a series of electron carrier release a small amount of energy at each step which in turn is temporarily stored in form of proton motive force across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Transfer of a pair of the electron to O2 pumps four protons by complex I, four by complex III and two by complex IV. The resultant proton motive force effectively stores the energy of electron transfer. This energy is then used to drive ATP synthesis.
