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Introduction In ecology and biology, abiotic components are non-living chemical and physical factors in the environment which affect ecosystems. Biotic describes a living component of an ecosystem; for example organisms, such as plants and animals. Examples Water, light, wind, soil, humidity, minerals, gases.
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Scientists can distinguish more than 4,000 different minerals but many are very rare. About 200 minerals make up the bulk of most rocks. The feldspar mineral family is the most abundant. Quartz, calcite, and clay minerals are also common.
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Mitosis begins with prophase, during which chromosomes recruit condensin and begin to undergo a condensation process that will continue until metaphase. In most species, cohesin is largely removed from the arms of the sister chromatids during prophase, allowing the individual sister chromatids to be resolved.
Prometaphase begins with the abrupt fragmentation of the nuclear envelope into many small vesicles that will eventually be divided between the future daughter cells. The breakdown of the nuclear membrane is an essential step for spindle assembly.
Next, chromosomes assume their most compacted state during metaphase, when the centromeres of all the cell's chromosomes line up at the equator of the spindle. Metaphase is particularly useful in cytogenetics, because chromosomes can be most easily visualized at this stage. Furthermore, cells can be experimentally arrested at metaphase with mitotic poisons such as colchicine.
The progression of cells from metaphase into anaphase is marked by the abrupt separation of sister chromatids. A major reason for chromatid separation is the precipitous degradation of the cohesin molecules joining the sister chromatids by the protease separase.
Mitosis ends with telophase, or the stage at which the chromosomes reach the poles. The nuclear membrane then reforms, and the chromosomes begin to decondense into their interphase conformations. Telophase is followed by cytokinesis, or the division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells. The daughter cells that result from this process have identical genetic compositions.
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Fighting for Clean Air in our National Parks</h2>
Air pollution is one of the most serious threats facing national parks, harming visitors’ health, clouding scenic views and altering our climate.
The air pollution affecting national parks — and the rest of the country — results from the burning of fossil fuels by power plants, oil and gas development, vehicles, agriculture, industrial emissions, and other sources. NPCA works to make sure our nation’s air laws are strong, to hold polluters and government accountable to those laws, and ultimately, to reduce the air pollution that harms our parks, climate and communities.
<h2>Defending Federal Laws and Regulations
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The Clean Air Act – which has helped improve air quality throughout the nation and the National Park System – is now under consistent threat as the Environmental Protection Agency works to roll back regulations, attack the use of science and offer polluters loopholes. NPCA advocates to defend and strengthen the clean air laws that protect park skies. We speak out for science and guard against policies driven only by politics and private industry.
<h2>Holding Polluters and Governments Accountable
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Picture park skies free of pollution. While this sadly isn’t the case today, NPCA strives to make sure that parks are on the right track and that air pollution harming parks is reduced. We do this by helping to secure strong state plans to limit haze-causing and climate-altering pollution, and by defending existing plans – in court, if necessary.
<h2>Advocating for Pollution Reduction</h2>
Clean air laws are meaningless if polluters and the government don’t follow them. NPCA vigilantly monitors for sources that violate their permits or when officials aren’t following through on the safeguards in place to protect parks. We also look for opportunities to collaborate and work in state, local or regional processes to prevent threats of new pollution and help reduce harmful emissions. Learn about our work in California and Utah.
