Earth's crust are pushing against each other miles below the Earth's surface, causing earthquakes, volcanoes and the movement of the continents. Approximately 30 plates are mapped out throughout the world. The plates consist of the Earth's crust and of the mantle, which is a thick layer of hot rock. Below that lies a sea of magma.
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Answer:
The free energy released by ATP hydrolysis that may be coupled to an endergonic process via the formation of a phosphorylated intermediate.
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<em>-Amelia The Unknown</em>
Answer:
B
Explanation: The specific heat of any particular substance is usually defined as the amount of heat energy that is required to raise a unit mass of the material by 1°C. The water has this high heat capacity as a result of which the water bodies such as oceans, seas, and lakes tend to become hot and cold at a much slower rate.
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Climate change is the greatest global threat to coral reef ecosystems. Scientific evidence now clearly indicates that the Earth's atmosphere and ocean are warming, and that these changes are primarily due to greenhouse gases derived from human activities.
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As temperatures rise, mass coral bleaching events and infectious disease outbreaks are becoming more frequent. Additionally, carbon dioxide absorbed into the ocean from the atmosphere has already begun to reduce calcification rates in reef-building and reef-associated organisms by altering seawater chemistry through decreases in pH. This process is called ocean acidification.
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Climate change will affect coral reef ecosystems, through sea level rise, changes to the frequency and intensity of tropical storms, and altered ocean circulation patterns. When combined, all of these impacts dramatically alter ecosystem function, as well as the goods and services coral reef ecosystems provide to people around the globe.
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