Electron transfer and presence of thylakoid membrane proteins
Explanation:
The high energy electrons from chlorophyll pass through a chain of proteins called electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane. These high energy electrons helps H+ ions to come from outside to inside membrane of thylakoid against the concentration gradient which is also contributing factor to build the concentration of H+ inside thylakoid membrane which is used to transfer phosphate to ADP during light depend reactions.
Together,the number of protons and the number of neutrons determine an elements isotopes have slightly different mass numbers, the atomic mass is calculated by obtaining the mean of the mass numbers for its isotopes.
