Answer:
Many second messenger systems activate kinases, enzymes that transfer a phosphate group from ATP to a protein. The phosphorylation of proteins sets off a series of intracellular events that lead to the ultimate cellular response.
Explanation:
For example, the second messenger cAMP activates the protein kinase A (PKA), which catalyzes the phosphorylation of other proteins.
The second messenger Ca²⁺ forms an active complex with a protein called calmodulin. This complex activates CaM kinases, that phosphorylate a group of target proteins, regulating its activities.
Answer:
1. The Earth is made up of the inner core (center of earth; hot, dense ball of iron), outer core (surrounding inner core; made up of iron and nickel), the mantle (liquid layer, made up of bits and pieces of other layers), and the crust (the outermost layer of the Earth; the ground we walk on)
2. Earth’s thinnest layer is the crust, amounting for less than 1% of this planet’s volume.
3. The densest layer is the solid metal inner core, the mantle is of intermediate density, and the least dense layer is the lithosphere, particularly the continental lithosphere.
4. Scientists look at these happenings regarding the Earth to find out more about its layers:
1. Seismic waves and earthquakes
2. Volcanoes
3. Principles of density
4. Earth is magnetic
Hope this helps.
Explanation:
Hello!
The body of a sponge is not very complex, mainly because it has no cells. It has 2 outer layers and supportive needles, but no cells!
Enjoy.
~Isabella
