Enzymes and substrates are related in two main ways because they frequently interact with each other in many biological processes.
1. Enzymes and substrates are often specific for one another. They have shapes that can be modified to fit into each other which allows them to bind together (induced fit).
2. Together, Enzymes and substrates undergo some transformations as they interact. They interact by forming hydrogen bonds, covalent bonds and what is also called hydrophobic interactions.
The enzyme returns to its original shape and state after the reaction but the substrate is often modified or changed completely into a new, different product.
The abbreviations for a tetragram, a nanosecond and a kiloliter are as follows: Tg ,ns and kl. Nanosecond is *10-9. One teragram is ten raised to the power of 9 and one kiloliter is equivalent to one thousand liters.
