Answer:
Insight.
Explanation:
German-American psychologist Wolfgang Köhler was credited to first proposed the theory of insight learning. It refers to a form of learning that happens suddenly by recognizing the relationships between different parts of a problem, rather than by trial and error. In other words the sudden realization of the problem instead of stimulus-response association or trial and error method.
bureaucratic regulations and rules are not very helpful when unexpected situations arise. Bureaucratic authority is notoriously undemocratic, and blind adherence to rules may inhibit the exact actions necessary to achieve organizational goals.<span>Concerning this last point, one of bureaucracy's least-appreciated features is its proneness to creating “paper trails” and piles of rules. Governmental bureaucracies are especially known for this. Critics of bureaucracy argue that mountains of paper and rules only slow an organization's capacity to achieve stated goals. They also note that governmental red tape costs taxpayers both time and money. </span>
The answer is: External Noise
I think you forgot the options, but i can give you some information that might be useful: the two are independent, but still, the federal courts can decide whether the state courts took their decisions according to the constitution.
