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3 years ago

genetics book g how do you know that only a single gene is responsible for he color diferences between these snakes?

Biology

1 answer:

mariarad [96]3 years ago

7 0

Answer:

Here is the full question:

An albino corn snake is crossed with a normal colored corn snake. The offspring are all normal-colored. When the first generation progeny snakes are crossed among themselves, they produce 32 normal colored snakes and 10 albino snakes.

a. How do you know that only a single gene is responsible for the color differences between these snakes?

b. which of these phenotypes is controlled by the dominant allele?

c. a normal colored female snake is involved in a test cross. This cross produces 10 normal colored and 11 albina offspring. what are the genotypes of the parents?

Explanation:

First of all, in genetics, Phenotype are the observable physical properties of an organism; these include the organism's appearance, development, and behavior. An organism's phenotype can be determined by its genotype, which is the set of genes the organism carries, as well as by environmental influences on these genes.

Allele, which can also be called allelomorph, is any one of two or more genes that may occur alternatively at a given site on a chromosome. Alleles may occur in pairs, or we may have multiple alleles affecting the phenotype of a particular trait. The combination of alleles that an organism carries is its genotype. If the paired alleles are the same, the organism’s genotype is said to be homozygous for that trait. If they are different, the organism’s genotype is heterozygous. A dominant allele (A) will override the traits of a recessive allele (a) in a heterozygous pairing.

(a) In the question, we have two phenotypes seen in the second generation of this cross: normal and albino. Therefore, only one gene with two alleles is needed to control the phenotypes like colour of the snakes observed. The 3:1 ratio of these phenotypes in the F2 generation will be seen only if a single gene is involved.

(b) The allele controlling the normal phenotype (A) is dominant to the allele controlling the albino phenotype (a).

(c) The male parent’s genotype is aa. The normally colored offspring must receive an A allele from the mother, so the genotype of the normal offspring of the testcross is Aa. The albino offspring must receive an a allele from the mother, so the genotype of the albino offspring of the testcross is aa. Thus, the female parent must be heterozygous Aa.

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3 years ago

Following antigenic stimulation, phosphorylation of _________ relieves inhibition of the transcription factor

Maru [420]

Answer: zap70, ITAM.

Explanation:

An antigen is any substance that is capable of stimulating an immune response by activating lymphocytes, which are the body’s infection-fighting white blood cells. Examples of antigens could be proteins that are part of bacteria or viruses or components of serum and red blood cells from other individuals, all of them are foreign antigens originated outside the body. However, there can also be autoantigens (which are self-antigens), originated within the body. In normal conditions, the body is able to distinguish self from nonself. And the antigens that represent a danger induces an immune response by stimulating the lymphocytes to produce antibody or to attack the antigen directly. This is called an antigenic stimulation of the immune system.

ZAP-70 (Zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70) is a protein that is part of the T cell receptor, thereby it plays a critical role in T-cell signaling. When the TCR (receptor of T cells) is activated by the presentation of the specific antigen through the MHC, a protein called Lck acts to phosphorylate the intracellular CD3 chains and the ζ chains of the TCR complex, allowing the binding of the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase, ZAP-70. Lck then phosphorylates and activates ZAP-70, which in turn phosphorylates another molecule in the signaling cascade called LAT (short for Linker of Activated T cells), a transmembrane protein that serves as an anchor site for several other proteins. The tyrosine phosphorylation cascade initiated by the Lck culminates in the intracellular mobilization of calcium ion (Ca2+) and the activation of important signaling cascades within the lymphocytes. These include the Ras-MEK-ERK pathway, which is based on activating certain transcription factors such as NFAT, NFκB and AP-1. These transcription factors regulate the production of of certain gene products, most notably cytokines such as interleukin-2 that promote the long-term proliferation and differentiation of activated lymphocytes.

The ITAM motifs (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif) are sequences of four amino acids present in the intracellular tails of certain proteins that serve as receptors within the immune system. Thus, some receptors such as the TCR have ITAM sequences that, when activated, trigger an intracellular reaction based on consecutive phosphorylations. Kinases are recruited for this purpose.

So, ZAP-70 is a protein tyrosine kinase with a role in T-cell receptor signal transduction. During T-cell activation, ZAP-70 binds to ITAM and becomes tyrosine phosphorylated. The binding of ZAP-70 to the phosphorylated ITAM is able to activate its kinase activity, and relieves the inhibition of the transcription factor which regulates genes that are involved in the immune reaction.

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serious [3.7K]

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Explanation:

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