Answer:
The correct option is: a. Photosphere
Explanation:
Sun is the brightest star in the sky of our planet Earth and the principle component of the Solar System. It is a <u>gaseous object</u> that is made up of hot plasma and contributes 99.86% to the total mass of our Solar System.
<u>The Sun does not have a clearly defined surface.</u> The <u>visible surface of the Sun is known as the Photosphere</u>, which is the deepest visible portion of the Sun.
Answer:
1.27 × 10⁵ L
Explanation:
Step 1: Given data
- Initial pressure (P₁): 745 Torr
- Initial volume (V₁): 1.41 × 10⁴ L
- Inital temperature (T₁): 21 °C
- Final pressure (P₂): 63.1 Torr
- Final temperature (T₂): -48 °C
Step 2: Convert the temperatures to the Kelvin scale
We will use the following expression.
K = °C + 273.15
K = 21 °C + 273.15 = 294 K
K = -48 °C + 273.15 = 225 K
Step 3: Calculate the final volume of the balloon
We will use the combined gas law.
P₁ × V₁ / T₁ = P₂ × V₂ / T₂
V₂ = P₁ × V₁ × T₂/ T₁ × P₂
V₂ = 745 Torr × 1.41 × 10⁴ L × 225 K/ 294 K × 63.1 Torr
V₂ = 1.27 × 10⁵ L
First, recognize that this is an elimination reaction in which hydroxide must leave and a double bond must form in its place. It is likely an E2 reaction. Here is an efficient mechanism:
1) Pre-reaction: Protonate the -OH to make it a good leaving group, water. H2SO4 or any strong H+ donor works. The water is positively charged but still connected to the compound.
2) E2: Use a sterically hindered base, such as tert-butoxide (tButO-) to abstract the hydrogen from the secondary carbon. [You want a sterically hindered base because a strong, non-sterically hindered base could also abstract a hydrogen from one of the two methyl groups on the tertiary carbon, and that leads to unwanted products, which is not efficient]. As the proton of hydrogen is abstracted, water leaves at the same time, creating an intermediate tertiary carbocation, and the 2 electrons in the C-H bond immediately are used to make a double bond towards the partial positive charge.
In the products we see the major product and water, as expected. Even though you have an intermediate, remember that an E2 mechanism technically happens in one step after -OH protonation.
