Answer:
Urgency / Postponement leads to customer inelastic demand of ice melt. 
Explanation:
Elasticity of demand is responsive change in demand of good, due to change in price. Formula = % change in demand / % change in price 
Factors Affecting Price Elasticity of Demand : Nature of commodity, Income, substitutes availability, time period, urgency / postponement, share in total expenditure, 
Inelastic Demand is when demand responds proportionately less to price change. % change in demand < % change in price
Case 'Customer critically needs ice melt to drive to work' : This has inelastic demand i.e demand less respondent to price changes (he will buy that at high price too). Such because of the urgency of this demand & less scope of its postponement. 
 
        
             
        
        
        
C. a negative duration on it's assets.
        
             
        
        
        
a) Null hypothesis ( ) for merrill lynch customers are given as
) for merrill lynch customers are given as
Alternative hypothesis: 
 
 
 
t = 1.992
<h3>
What is null hypothesis?</h3>
- Conjectures used in statistical tests, which are formal techniques for drawing conclusions or making judgments based on data, include the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.
- The hypotheses, which are based on a sample of the population, are suppositions regarding a statistical model of the population. The tests are essential components of statistical inference and are frequently used to distinguish between statistical noise and scientific claims when interpreting experimental data in science.
- The null hypothesis, which is the statement being tested in a test of statistical significance, is typically a declaration of "no effect" or "no difference," and the test of significance is intended to evaluate the strength of the evidence against it
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Robert should use intermittent schedules of reinforcement to keep his employees mentally alert and interested. The procedure of learning through association to increase or decrease voluntary behavior using punishment and reinforcement is known as operant conditioning.
Reinforcement schedules are the rules that govern the timing and frequency of reinforcer delivery in order to increase the likelihood that a target behavior will occur again, strengthen, or continue. A contingency timetable is one that includes reinforcement. While intermittent schedules provide reinforcers.
After some but not all correct replies, intermittent schedules apply reinforcement after each correct response, or none at all. Reinforcers are only used after the target behavior has occurred, so reinforcement is conditional on the desired behavior.
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Answer:
C. Both (i) and (ii) are true
Explanation:
Under perfect price discrimination, consumer surplus doesn't exist since the supplier is selling the good or service at the maximum price that each consumer is willing to pay. This situation maximizes supplier surplus. 
Under perfect competition, both supplier and consumer surplus exist. 
Since total social surplus = supplier surplus + consumer surplus, total surplus should be the same in both situations.