Stimulants are substances that all result in the increase of levels of dopamine in the brain, which is a neurotransmitter that affects attention and pleasure. What this means is that stimulants affect our brain and the way it works by changing the ways that nerve cells communicate.
Neurons (nerve cells) are the cells that have a role in transmitting messages from the brain to other parts of our body, and vice-versa, which is important for pain response, alertness, energy etc.
With long-term use, the use of stimulants would affect the central nervous system (speeding it up), the brain, and the functions necessary to live, like respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature. Levels of neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, and GABA, which are responsible for the regulation of different processes, are also impacted, which creates a chemical disbalance ultimately resulting in behavioral changes, mood swings, altered attention, movement and energy, stress etc.
So the part of the body that is affected the most with the long-term use of stimulants like cocaine, nicotine, methamphetamine is the brain of course, which is where these substances have the most impact, but the impact on the central nervous system, autonomous nervous system, and neurotransmitter levels is significant.
Inflammation is the defense mechanism of the immune system which is non-specific and part of the innate immunity of the body. Inflammation is the reaction against any cell injury.
Inflammation is categorized by heat, pain, redness(erythema), and swelling(edema). These changes occur because of the result of the increase in local blood vessel diameter which leads to increase of flow of blood that results in heat and redness.
The transport of fluids and proteins takes place at the injury site which causes swelling and pain. Therefore the right answer is A. inflammation.
Penicillin discovery came as a result of the plague that rages St Mary's hospital in 1928, the discovery by a man called Alexandra Fleming which drastically reduce the death rate. Penicillin is an antibiotics that is gotten from mould and it has different strains/species
A solution with HCl would likely have a low pH and a high pOH. Hydrochloric acid or HCl, from the name itself is acidic its pH is always below neutral pH or 7. pH is the measure of the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+) in a solution while pOH is the measure of the concentration of hydoxide ions (OH-) in a solution. A relationship exist between the two values of a solution where pH + pOH = 14 therefore when the pH is low, consequently, the pOH is high.
