Answer:
that one variable precedes the other in time, that the two variables are correlated and that this relationship is not spurious.
Explanation:
In <em>Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generilized Causal Inference</em> (2002), researchers Cook and Campbell present a set of conditions that must be met in order to establish a valid causal relationship: <u>one variable precedes the other in time</u> (temporal precedence), <u>the two variables are correlated</u> (covariation), <u>and that this relationship is not spurious</u> (no third variable is present).
If the local temperature changes in favor of greater oxygen levels in the water, the population of the small fish species and the wading bird population would be changed and affected NEGATIVELY in response to the newly elevated oxygen levels over the next six months.
High levels of oxygen over an extended period of time would cause the fish to eventually become sick and to die. This would leave the wading bird species without nourishment for life and energy reproduction leading to the depletion of the bird species along with the small fish species.
Answer:
variety of disciplines, including American studies, international economics, American history, national security studies, and Latin-American, Asian, African, European, and Middle Eastern studies.
Explanation:
Diplomatic History is the official journal of Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations (SHAFR). The journal appeals to readers from a wide variety of disciplines, including American studies, international economics, American history, national security studies, and Latin-American, Asian, African, European, and Middle Eastern studies.
