Answer:
The correct answer is: Immunosenescence.
Explanation:
- Immunosenescence can be defined as a biological age-related phenomenon due to which the cells of the immune system are unable to function efficiently with increase in age.
- As a result of this the aged individuals becomes susceptible to various infections and diseases.
- This happens because of the following reasons:
- The immune cells are formed from the progenitor cells called the Hematopoetic Stem Cells (HSCs) which are abundantly found in the bone marrow. These cells have the capacity of self-renewal and also differentiation into various types of immune cells. Due to aging, these cells accumulate large number of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) that that causes oxidative damage to the DNA. Also, with age the telomere (the repititive DNA sequence located at the chromosome terminal that protects the end of the chromosome from undergoing recombination or fusion with other chromosomes) length shortens resulting in the generation of damage in DNA. All these reduces the self renewal and differentiation capacity of these cells.
- Other cells of the immune system like, the white blood cells, anti-body producing B-cells, cytotoxicity inducing T-cells, natural killer cells also accumulate similar DNA degrading components. This reduces their life time and also the efficiency of their activity.
Answer:
16grass/m²
Explanation:
Given parameters:
Number of grasses in quadrat = 4
Area of the square = 0.25m²
Unknown:
Population density = ?
Solution:
Population density is the number of organisms per given area;
Population density = 
Population density = 
= 16grass/m²
Answer:
Abrasion is physical weathering caused by water, wind and gravity. The coastal regions are affected by abrasion due to large volumes of water and increased winds. This can become more severe especially with storms that hit coastal regions.
Explanation:
HMU
Answer:
(if these are your choices)
A. They are lobed, simple leaves and are attached staggered on the branch.
B. They are not heart shaped and are attached staggered on the branch.
C. They are compound, broad leaves and are attached oppositely on the branch.
D. They are nonlobed, simple leaves and are attached oppositely on the branch.
the correct answer is D.
Explanation:
B
A convergent boundary is an earth where two or more lithospheric plates collide
