Answer:
Heart failure and heart attack are both forms of heart disease. They have some common causes. But they also differ in key ways. Most heart attacks happen suddenly when one of the arteries leading to the heart becomes blocked and cuts off the blood flow.
Explanation:
Answer:
The change seeks to reduce the amount of steroids accumulated in the body.
Explanation:
Dexamethasone and prednisone are very similar corticoids and establish equally similar treatments for various types of problem. Although the effects of the two drugs are similar, patients can adapt better to using one than using the other. This may be the first reason the doctor changed J.S.
When the doctor decided that he J.S. should take the medication every other day he was looking to reduce the incidence of side effects and reduce Cushing's syndrome. This is because this syndrome is a result of excess corticosteroids in the body. In this case, if J.S. took prednisone every other day, the amount of corticosteroids in his body would decrease, which would regulate his hormones and decrease Cushing's Syndrome, as well as other side effects.
Answer:
About the induction of immunosuppressive therapy it is true that the goal of induction immunosuppression agent therapy is to significantly decrease the T cell response to the allograft (option C).
Explanation:
Immunosuppressive drug therapy is used when an organ transplant is performed, to prevent the transplanted organ from being rejected by the immune system.
One of the action mechanisms of immunosuppressors is to decrease the action of T lymphocytes, which are the main responsible for the rejection response to the transplant.
The function of T-lymphocytes can be:
- CD4⁺ are producers of antibodies, which can attack foreign tissue.
- CD8⁺ capable of directly attacking a transplanted tissue, recognized as foreign.
Drugs such as cyclosporine and tacrolimus prevent the activation of T-lymphocytes, preventing the rejection of transplanted organs.
the other options are not correct because:
<em> a. Immunosuppressive agents are not only administered before transplantation, but are used throughout life.</em>
<em> b. Immunosuppressive agents are not less powerful than therapeutic agents.</em>
<em> d. Immunosuppressants are not specific to prevent rejection of transplanted organs.</em>
Carboxylic acids boil at considerably higher temperatures than do alcohols, ketones, or aldehydes of similar molecular weights. This is because they form stable hydrogen-bonded dimers.
Carboxylic acid dimers are useful model systems for understanding the interplay of hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic effects, and entropy in self-association and assembly.
Through extensive sampling with a classical force field and careful free energy analysis, it is demonstrated that both hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions are indeed important for dimerization of carboxylic acids (except formic acid).
The dimers are only weakly ordered, and the degree of ordering increases with stronger hydrophobic interactions between longer alkyl chains. Comparison of calculated and experimental dimerization constants reveals a systematic tendency for excessive self-aggregation in current classical force fields.
Qualitative and quantitative information on the thermodynamics of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions derived from these simulations is in excellent agreement with existing results from experiment and theory. These results provide a verification from first principles of previous estimations based on two statistical mechanical hydrophobic theories.
We also revisit and clarify the fundamental statistical thermodynamics formalism for calculating absolute binding constants, external entropy, and solvation entropy changes upon association from detailed free energy simulations. This analysis is believed to be useful for a wide range of applications including computational studies of protein-ligand and protein-protein binding.
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