The body's nonspecific defiance against invading pathogens is known as innate immunity and includes the following:
mechanical barriers and surface secretions
1. The intact skin and mucous membranes of the body. These provide a high degree of protection against pathogens.
2. The sebaceous secretions and sweat of the skin contain bactericidal and fungicidal fatty acids that can kill bacteria and fungi.
3. Normal bacterial flora of the skin may produce various antimicrobial substances such as bacteriocines and acids.
Humoral defence mechanisms
1. Lysozyme. This is an enzyme found in most tissue fluids apart from cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and sweat. It can kill bacteria.
2. Interferon. Inhibits viruses from replicating
3. Complement. This is a heat labile serum that can destroy gram-negative bacteria.
Answer:
1. Chromatin condense into chromosomes.
4. Homologous chromosomes pair up (formation of tetrads).
5. Homologous chromosomes separate and move to poles.
2. Sister chromatids separate.
3. Chromosomes unravel in to chromatin.
Explanation:
This question portrays the process of meiosis in a cell. The ordered sequence of events in the options are:
1. Chromatin condense into chromosomes - This process occurs in the Prophase stage. Prior to the cell division, the nuclear material is found as Chromatin material. This Chromatin material then undergoes condensation to form visible chromosomes.
4. Homologous chromosomes pair up (formation of tetrads) - This process also occurs during the Prophase stage of meiosis I. In this stage, homologous chromosomes (similar but non-identical chromosomes received from each parent) are paired up side by side to form a structure known as TETRAD or BIVALENT.
5. Homologous chromosomes separate and move to poles - This process characterizes the Anaphase stage of meiosis I. Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell by spindle microtubules.
2. Sister chromatids separate - After meiosis I, meiosis II involving sister chromatids instead of homologous chromosomes follows. In the Anaphase stage of meiosis II specifically, sister chromatids are pulled apart towards opposite poles of the cell.
3. Chromosomes unravel in to chromatin - After the whole division process i.e. karyokinesis (division of the nuclear material), the chromosomes begin to unravel to form the CHROMATIN threads once again. This process occurs in the Telophase stage of meiosis.
Spearate cell into the protein cells
Answer:
All statements are true and explain the function of most organelles present in the cell.
Explanation:
I remember the following:
-The nucleus directs cell activity: the nucleus is where the genetic information is found and by means of gene expression it controls the cellular functions.
-Ribosomes produce proteins for the cell: Ribosomes make messenger RNA proteins (mRNA) by connecting amino acids together
-These proteins are then moved through the cell by the endoplasmic reticulum: it is a network of membranes within the cell through which proteins and other molecules move
-The Golgi apparatus packages and distributes proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum: It transforms and exports protein to the rest of the body. Proteins, in their passage through the Golgi apparatus, carry out a modification process.
-Vacuoles store water, waste products, food, etc: vacuoles store substances, in plants they occupy a large percentage of the cytoplasm and change their size during ormoregulation.
-Lysosomes break down waste material and debris: They contains hydrolytic enzymes that allow intracellular digestion of macromolecules
-Mitochondria break down sugar molecules to supply energy. Similarly, chloroplasts capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy: Chloroplasts and mitochondria through the processes of cellular respiration and photosynthesis produce energy necessary for the vital functions of the cell.
-The cell membrane protects the cell and controls what enters and leaves it. The cell wall supports the cell membrane, maintains the cell’s shape, and protects the cell. The cytoplasm supports and protects organelles in the cell: The membrane is the support of the cell and through it there is exchange with the external environment. The cytoplasm is the one that supports the rest of cellular organelles
After the delivery of her child, the mother went to the postpartum unit of the hospital
The postpartum unit of a hospital is the area where babies (new born) and their moms recover after birth. In the postpartum unit the neonatal nurse specialist focus on the care of newborn infant. The nurses focuses their care for premature or ill newborns.
