The answer is After the response.
Reinorcement and punishment need to be associated within the person's mind after he/she complete a certain behavior/response.
After it's all associated, that person will develop a tendency to conduct the conditioned behavior because he/she associated that behavior with positive outcome.
Answer: In accordance with the neoclassical economics, the monetary value of a commodity or service is considered as the price of the commodity in an open market. This value is generally determined by the forces of demand and supply , i.e the demand for the commodity relative to supply. Several neoclassical economist evaluate the value of a product or service with the price, irrespective of the market being competitive.
structural independence is when its possible to make changes in the file structure without affecting the application program’s ability to access the data. A file system exhibits structural dependence, which means that access to a file is dependent on its structure. Have a nice day.