Answer:
The correct answer is: Immunosenescence.
Explanation:
- Immunosenescence can be defined as a biological age-related phenomenon due to which the cells of the immune system are unable to function efficiently with increase in age.
- As a result of this the aged individuals becomes susceptible to various infections and diseases.
- This happens because of the following reasons:
- The immune cells are formed from the progenitor cells called the Hematopoetic Stem Cells (HSCs) which are abundantly found in the bone marrow. These cells have the capacity of self-renewal and also differentiation into various types of immune cells. Due to aging, these cells accumulate large number of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) that that causes oxidative damage to the DNA. Also, with age the telomere (the repititive DNA sequence located at the chromosome terminal that protects the end of the chromosome from undergoing recombination or fusion with other chromosomes) length shortens resulting in the generation of damage in DNA. All these reduces the self renewal and differentiation capacity of these cells.
- Other cells of the immune system like, the white blood cells, anti-body producing B-cells, cytotoxicity inducing T-cells, natural killer cells also accumulate similar DNA degrading components. This reduces their life time and also the efficiency of their activity.
<span>In cells, enzymes are proteins that are needed to lower the amount of energy required to start chemical.</span>
Enzymes are biological catalysts which accelerate chemical reactions (reactions are millions of times faster than without them). Every enzyme has an active site which binds substrates and converts them into products.
One problem with pesticide application is that if they use spray, it leaves a residue, so if a child or animal were to get in contact with the pesticide and accidentally ingest it, it could injure them.
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Explanation:
Anions are negatively charged particles. The water molecule is a polar molecule, that means that, it is partly positive and partly negative. The oxygen atoms in the water molecules are more electronegative more than the hydrogen atoms and they draw the shared electron nearer to themselves than the hydrogen atoms; this make them to be slightly negatively charged while the hydrogen atom is slightly positively charged.
Therefore in solution, the anions would be attracted toward the hydrogen atom that is slightly positive while the cations will be attracted to oxygen atom that is slightly negative.
