The body's nonspecific defiance against invading pathogens is known as innate immunity and includes the following:
mechanical barriers and surface secretions
1. The intact skin and mucous membranes of the body. These provide a high degree of protection against pathogens.
2. The sebaceous secretions and sweat of the skin contain bactericidal and fungicidal fatty acids that can kill bacteria and fungi.
3. Normal bacterial flora of the skin may produce various antimicrobial substances such as bacteriocines and acids.
Humoral defence mechanisms
1. Lysozyme. This is an enzyme found in most tissue fluids apart from cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and sweat. It can kill bacteria.
2. Interferon. Inhibits viruses from replicating
3. Complement. This is a heat labile serum that can destroy gram-negative bacteria.
Answer:
Cell wall: A protective layer covering the outside of the cell. They keep the shape of the plant cell, prevent water loss, and provide support.
golgi apparatus: Transports proteins and lipids around the cell. Often it is called the shipping department of the cell.
chloroplast: Chloroplasts store chlorophyll and this is where photosynthesis takes place in the cell.
Cell membrane: A layer that covers the cell, acts as a gate and determines what comes and goes through the cell. It allows good things in, while keeping others out.
Intermediate filaments: Provides support when when the plant cell comes into contact with other cells.
Ribosome: The part of the cell that is responsible for creating proteins.
Answer:
Reduced reabsorption of salts and nutrients from the proximal tubule.
Explanation:
The proximal convoluted tubules are the site for reabsorption of the largest amount of solute and water from the filtered fluid. It reabsorbs 65% of water, electrolytes such as Na+ and K+, almost 100% of the filtered glucose and amino acids and other electrolytes such as Ca2+, Mg2+, etc.
The simple cuboidal epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule have a prominent brush border of microvilli on their apical surface. These microvilli serve to increase the surface area for reabsorption and secretion. Destruction of these microvilli would reduce the reabsorption of the above-mentioned salts and nutrients from proximal convoluted tubules.
I think it’s B I’m not for sure
