Since, the options are not given the question is incomplete. The complete question is as follows:
Presentation of a rewarding stimulus serves as ______, while removal of an aversive stimulus serves as ______.
a. negative punishment; positive punishment
b. reinforcement; punishment
c. positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement
d. negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement
e. positive punishment; negative punishment
Answer: c. positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement
Explanation:
Both positive and negative reinforcement are the parts of conditioning. In positive reinforcement the subject is awarded for the particular sets of desired behavior but it is opposite for the negative reinforcement the subject is punished for undesired behavior.
In positive reinforcement favorable stimulus is chosen by the subject which made the subject to avail the reward whereas in the negative reinforcement , the aversive stimulus is intended to reduce the undesired behavior by punishment.
(a) Aquatic ecosystems are rich in diversity. The life inside water is largely influenced by various abiotic factors. The abiotic factors are the chemical and physical components of an environment that affect the organisms living there. The primary abiotic factors that affect the life underwater are temperature, light and availability of oxygen.
(b) Oxygen available to the aquatic organisms is a detrimental factor. If less oxygen is available underwater aquatic animals will not be able to respire and die.
Light is also an important abiotic factor for underwater organisms especially for the aquatic plants. the aquatic plants underwater will not be able to make their food by photosynthesis if proper light is not available.
Temperature also plays an important role. Too low or too high temperature affects the metabolic activities of the organisms.
Depth of water body affects the availability of light and oxygen to the aquatic organisms. Shallow water bodies have light available to more aquatic organisms.
Starfish, or more accurately sea stars, fill a niche as predator and prey in marine ecosystems close to shore. With more than 18,000 species in the world, they range from the tropics to the Pacific Northwest and further north. They can grow larger than a foot across and can have as many as 40 arms. While sea stars are known for their ability to regrow lost arms, they have an unusual digestive system, too.
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They consist of identical sister chromatids
