Answer:
DNA vaccines consist of DNA vectors or plasmids (small double-stranded DNA rings originally derived from bacteria, but unable to cause infection) into which the genes encoding one or more immunizing proteins of the infectious agent have been inserted causing the disease to be prevented.
Explanation:
Vectors are the functional unit of naked DNA vaccines. Genes that encode the proteins of interest and are of bacterial origin are inserted into these vectors. Bacterial plasmids are circular DNA molecules that self-replicate extrachromosomally in bacteria. The genes encoded in these plasmids are under the control of promoters, almost always of viral origin. When a plasmid is introduced into the cell it translocates to the nucleus, where transcription of the transgene begins; the transcripts are then taken to the cytoplasm and translated there. The newly synthesized proteins are degraded in the proteasome to 8-10 amino acid peptides, which are transported to the endoplasmic reticulum. Peptides of high affinity with their respective MHC I molecule stabilize and enter the secretory pathway, thus reaching the cell surface, where they are coupled with the T-lymphocyte receptor (TcR) present on the surface of T lymphocytes cytotoxic drugs (CD8 +) to induce their activation.
The correct answer is option B. Of the following choices given, carbon dioxide is produced during both anaerobic and aerobic respiration. It is the common thing between the two respiration. Anaerobic respiration is the process which do not need oxygen to produce products while the opposite is called aerobic respiration.
C. negative proteins inside the cell
Answer; (not correctly matched)
Apocrine gland; Thermoregulation;
Explanation;
Apocrine glands are found in the skin and the eyelids.
Most apocrine glands in the skin are in the armpits, the groin, and the area around the nipples of the breast.
They are scent glands, and their secretions usually have a odor. They empty into the hair follicle just before they open onto the skin surface.
