Answer:
We have the equation
![c_1\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\0\\0\\1\end{array}\right] +c_2\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\0\\3\\1\end{array}\right] +c_3\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\4\\3\\1\end{array}\right] +c_4\left[\begin{array}{c}8\\4\\3\\1\end{array}\right] =\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\0\\0\\0\end{array}\right]](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=c_1%5Cleft%5B%5Cbegin%7Barray%7D%7Bc%7D0%5C%5C0%5C%5C0%5C%5C1%5Cend%7Barray%7D%5Cright%5D%20%2Bc_2%5Cleft%5B%5Cbegin%7Barray%7D%7Bc%7D0%5C%5C0%5C%5C3%5C%5C1%5Cend%7Barray%7D%5Cright%5D%20%2Bc_3%5Cleft%5B%5Cbegin%7Barray%7D%7Bc%7D0%5C%5C4%5C%5C3%5C%5C1%5Cend%7Barray%7D%5Cright%5D%20%2Bc_4%5Cleft%5B%5Cbegin%7Barray%7D%7Bc%7D8%5C%5C4%5C%5C3%5C%5C1%5Cend%7Barray%7D%5Cright%5D%20%3D%5Cleft%5B%5Cbegin%7Barray%7D%7Bc%7D0%5C%5C0%5C%5C0%5C%5C0%5Cend%7Barray%7D%5Cright%5D)
Then, the augmented matrix of the system is
![\left[\begin{array}{cccc}0&0&0&8\\0&0&4&4\\0&3&3&3\\1&1&1&1\end{array}\right]](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%5Cleft%5B%5Cbegin%7Barray%7D%7Bcccc%7D0%260%260%268%5C%5C0%260%264%264%5C%5C0%263%263%263%5C%5C1%261%261%261%5Cend%7Barray%7D%5Cright%5D)
We exchange rows 1 and 4 and rows 2 and 3 and obtain the matrix:
![\left[\begin{array}{cccc}1&1&1&1\\0&3&3&3\\0&0&4&4\\0&0&0&8\end{array}\right]](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%5Cleft%5B%5Cbegin%7Barray%7D%7Bcccc%7D1%261%261%261%5C%5C0%263%263%263%5C%5C0%260%264%264%5C%5C0%260%260%268%5Cend%7Barray%7D%5Cright%5D)
This matrix is in echelon form. Then, now we apply backward substitution:
1.

2.

3.

4.

Then the system has unique solution that is
and this imply that the vectors
are linear independent.
Answer:
30 mph
Step-by-step explanation:
time = distance/speed
If x represents Jane's speed along the summit then her total exploration time is ...
12/x + 40/(x -5) = 2 . . . . . hours
Multiplying by (x)(x -5), we get ...
12(x -5) +40(x) = 2(x)(x -5)
Dividing by 2 and subtracting the left side gives ...
x^2 -31x +30 = 0
(x -30)(x -1) = 0 . . . . . factor
Solutions are x = 30 and x = 1, values of x that make the factors zero. A speed of 1 mph makes no sense in this problem, so ...
Jane's speed along the summit was 30 mph.