Answer:
In biology, adaptationism is the perspective that considers that the majority of traits are optimal adaptations achieved by natural selection.
Explanation:
Among his most famous defenders are John Maynard Smith, W.D. Hamilton, Richard Dawkins and Daniel Dennett. Adaptationism has been criticized by authors such as Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Lewontin.
Stephen J. Gould summarizes the "adaptationist program" in the following arguments:
- Adaptation is the central phenomenon of evolution, and the key to understanding its mechanisms.
- Natural selection builds adaptation.
- Natural selection maintains an overwhelmingly predominant relative frequency as a cause of adaptation. Variation only provides raw material and cannot do the job without help.
<u>Characteristics of adaptationism
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Gould and Lewontin (1979) summarize the following way of proceeding from the adaptationist program:
- Atomization of the organism: division of the organism into discrete and disconnected features.
- Optimization of the parts by natural selection.
- Explanation of the adaptations.
Emissions from industries as they burn fossil fuels
I believe so (:
Answer:
a) Genes b and c are farthest apart.
Explanation:
Transformation occurs when a competent bacteria cell takes up genetic material from the environment. Usually a donor cell donates its gene fragment which is then incorporated into the chromosome or plasmid of recipient bacterial cell.
Cotransformation occurs when two genes are taken up together by the recipient. The closer the genes lie to each other, more are the chances of them being taken up together. Contransformation frequency will be higher if two genes are close to each other. Here, cotransformation frequencies between three genes are given. Amongst them, the lowest frequency is 0.0064% which is present between gene b and c. Hence, gene b and c are the farthest apart.
Answer:
Any three ways are:
1. Increase in Carbon Dioxide.
2. Loss of both plants and animals.
3. Land slides will take place.
Deforestation affect the world climate by :
1. Averaged over all land and oceans surface.
2. Global warming.
3. Loss of fresh oxygen.e.t.c.
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