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artcher [175]
3 years ago
5

The shark is a fish while the dolphin is a mammal. These are two completely different types of animals, but they have similar ch

aracteristics due to their similar dwellings. These animals may have evolved their similarities by _____.
adaptive radiation
convergent evolution
divergent evolution
coevolution
Biology
2 answers:
SashulF [63]3 years ago
8 0
<span> Convergent evolution</span>. It refers to the type of evolution occurring in different species with similar traits. Another example is the wings of bat and insects.
MAVERICK [17]3 years ago
3 0

Answer:

Convergent evolution

Explanation:

  • When the organisms in the course of evolution, evolve to develop traits that are similar to each other even though they are not closely related to each other then such type of evolution is known as convergent evolution.
  • Since both shark and dolphin are not closely related to each other but their characteristics have developed similarly because they have occupied similar habitats their evolution is convergent in nature.
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List the three parts of the brain involved in memory processing and explain what role they play.
igomit [66]

THE AMYGDALA

First, let’s look at the role of the amygdala in memory formation. The main job of the amygdala is to regulate emotions, such as fear and aggression link. The amygdala plays a part in how memories are stored because storage is influenced by stress hormones. For example, one researcher experimented with rats and the fear response . Using Pavlovian conditioning, a neutral tone was paired with a foot shock to the rats. This produced a fear memory in the rats. After being conditioned, each time they heard the tone, they would freeze (a defense response in rats), indicating a memory for the impending shock. Then the researchers induced cell death in neurons in the lateral amygdala, which is the specific area of the brain responsible for fear memories. They found the fear memory faded (became extinct). Because of its role in processing emotional information, the amygdala is also involved in memory consolidation: the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory. The amygdala seems to facilitate encoding memories at a deeper level when the event is emotionally arousing.

In this TED Talk called “A Mouse. A Laser Beam. A Manipulated Memory,” Steve Ramirez and Xu Liu from MIT talk about using laser beams to manipulate fear memory in rats. Find out why their work caused a media frenzy once it was published in Science.

THE HIPPOCAMPUS

Another group of researchers also experimented with rats to learn how the hippocampus functions in memory processing ([link]). They created lesions in the hippocampi of the rats, and found that the rats demonstrated memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running. They concluded that the hippocampus is involved in memory, specifically normal recognition memory as well as spatial memory (when the memory tasks are like recall tests) (Clark, Zola, & Squire, 2000). Another job of the hippocampus is to project information to cortical regions that give memories meaning and connect them with other connected memories. It also plays a part in memory consolidation: the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory.

Injury to this area leaves us unable to process new declarative memories. One famous patient, known for years only as H. M., had both his left and right temporal lobes (hippocampi) removed in an attempt to help control the seizures he had been suffering from for years (Corkin, Amaral, González, Johnson, & Hyman, 1997). As a result, his declarative memory was significantly affected, and he could not form new semantic knowledge. He lost the ability to form new memories, yet he could still remember information and events that had occurred prior to the surgery.

THE CEREBELLUM AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX

Although the hippocampus seems to be more of a processing area for explicit memories, you could still lose it and be able to create implicit memories (procedural memory, motor learning, and classical conditioning), thanks to your cerebellum ([link]). For example, one classical conditioning experiment is to accustom subjects to blink when they are given a puff of air. When researchers damaged the cerebellums of rabbits, they discovered that the rabbits were not able to learn the conditioned eye-blink response (Steinmetz, 1999; Green & Woodruff-Pak, 2000).

Other researchers have used brain scans, including positron emission tomography (PET) scans, to learn how people process and retain information. From these studies, it seems the prefrontal cortex is involved. In one study, participants had to complete two different tasks: either looking for the letter a in words (considered a perceptual task) or categorizing a noun as either living or non-living (considered a semantic task) (Kapur et al., 1994). Participants were then asked which words they had previously seen. Recall was much better for the semantic task than for the perceptual task. According to PET scans, there was much more activation in the left inferior prefrontal cortex in the semantic task. In another study, encoding was associated with left frontal activity, while retrieval of information was associated with the right frontal region.

Please Note: I did get most of this from google.

6 0
3 years ago
imagine you were pushing a wheelchair up the ramps in the drawing above.which would be the hardest to use?why?
larisa86 [58]
I cant tell you the answer since theres no picture but im guessing the steepest one out of all of them
5 0
3 years ago
Consider the image of the female reproductive organs. Where in the diagram would a fertilized egg implant and develop into the f
Evgesh-ka [11]
The fertilized egg implants within the walls of the uterus. As the fetus develops, the uterus expands to accommodate the growth and development.
4 0
3 years ago
Pick the letter that indicates the tissue that protects the inner lining of the ureter.
melomori [17]
The correct answer is C. This part is called the epithelium.

It is the muscular coat which consists of inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle. Its main work is peristalsis.
To propel urine. The outer layer is the mucosa which has transitional epithelium that continuos with the lining of the renal pelvis and also the urinary bladder.
This layer of its work is to secrete mucus which protects and coats the surface of the cells.
5 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
You are working in a lab trying to identify a new organism. It looks like a plant, but it could be a fungus. Which of the follow
grandymaker [24]
D; Chitin is produced by fungi.
6 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
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