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Greco Persian wars also known as Persian Wars, (492–449 BCE), a series of wars fought by Greek states and Persia over a period of almost half a century
. The fighting was most intense during two invasions that Persia launched against mainland Greece between 490 and 479. Although the Persian empire was at the peak of its strength, the collective defense mounted by the Greeks overcame seemingly impossible odds and even succeeded in liberating Greek city-states on the fringe of Persia itself.
The Greek triumph ensured the survival of Greek culture and political structures long after the demise of the Persian empire.

#Battle of Salamis

The Battle of Salamis, 480 BCE, in which Greece gained an uncontested victory over the Persian fleet.

#QUICK FACTS

Athens

Boeotian League

Delian League

Ancient Greek civilization

Ionia

Persia

Scythian

Sparta

Tegea

Thespiae

KEY PEOPLE

Aristides The Just

Cambyses II

Cimon

Cyrus the Great

Darius I

Leonidas

Leotychides

Pausanias

Themistocles

Xerxes I

#GRECO-PERSIAN WARS EVENTS

In the generation before 522, the Persian kings Cyrus II and Cambyses II extended their rule from the Indus River valley to the Aegean Sea. After the defeat of the Lydian king Croesus (c. 546), the Persians gradually conquered the small Greek city-states along the Anatolian coast.
In 522 Darius came to power and set about consolidating and strengthening the Persian empire.

In 500 BCE the Greek city-states on the western coast of Anatolia rose up in rebellion against Persia.
This uprising, known as the Ionian revolt (500–494 BCE), failed, but its consequences for the mainland Greeks were momentous. Athens and Eretria had sent a small fleet in support of the revolt, which Darius took as a pretext for launching an invasion of the Greek mainland. His forces advanced toward Europe in 492 BCE, but, when much of his fleet was destroyed in a storm, he returned home
. However, in 490 a Persian army of 25,000 men landed unopposed on the Plain of Marathon, and the Athenians appealed to Sparta to join forces against the invader.
Owing to a religious festival, the Spartans were detained, and the 10,000 Athenians had to face the Persians aided only by 1,000 men from Plataea.
The Athenians were commanded by 10 generals, the most daring of whom was Miltiades. While the Persian cavalry was away, he seized the opportunity to attack.
The Greeks won a decisive victory, losing only 192 men to the Persians’ 6,400 (according to the historian Herodotus)
The Greeks then prevented a surprise attack on Athens itself by quickly marching back to the city.

#Darius I

Darius I seated before two incense burners, detail of a bas-relief of the north courtyard in the Treasury at Persepolis, late 6th–early 5th century BCE;

After their defeat at Marathon, the Persians went home, but they returned in vastly greater numbers 10 years later, led by Darius’s successor, Xerxes
. The unprecedented size of his forces made their progress quite slow, giving the Greeks plenty of time to prepare their defense. A general Greek league against Persia was formed in 481.
Command of the army was given to Sparta, that of the navy to Athens. The Greek fleet numbered about 350 vessels and was thus only about one-third the size of the Persian fleet. Herodotus estimated the Persian army to number in the millions, but modern scholars tend to doubt his reportage.
The Greeks decided to deploy a force of about 7,000 men at the narrow pass of Thermopylae and a force of 271 ships under Themistocles at Artemisium. Xerxes’ forces advanced slowly toward the Greeks, suffering losses from the weather.

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