Answer:
Exosomes as Therapeutic Target
Given the fact that elevated exosome levels are often correlated with greater severity of different types of cancer, reducing circulating exosomes to normal levels is one of therapeutic strategies to increase treatment efficacy. There are different approaches to modulate exosome production: 1) Inhibition of exosome formation: inhibit crucial proteins involved in exosome formation pathway; 2) Inhibition of exosome release: inhibit important regulators of exosome release process, increased intracellular Ca2+, change cellular microenvironmental pH; 3) Inhibition of exosome uptake: add proteinase for surface proteins on exosomes may serve as receptors for uptake pathways. In addition to control exosomes production, removal of exosomes from the entire circulatory system might be a novel strategy for cancer treatment.
Exosomes could also be used as cancer immunotherapy becasue tumor-derived exosomes carry antigens that is a great source of specific stimulus for the immune response against tumors. Both tumor-derived and dendritic cell-derived exosomes have showed capability to stimulate tumor antigen-specific responses in experimental animal models and human clinical trials.
Exosomes as Targeted Drug Delivery Vehicles
Exosomes became one of the most common methods applied in drug delivery system because of several advantages they have. Firstly, exosomes normally have a small size 40-100 nm, which is more homogenous compared to other microvesicles. This will lead them to evade rapid clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte and enhances passage through fenestrations in the vessel wall. Secondly, due to their endogenous origin, they are less toxic for and better tolerated by the immune system. It facilitates them to avoid causing side effects that normally occur with synthetic nanoparticles. Additionally, the specific ligand or protein expressed on the exosome surface increases efficiency of cargo into the cytosol of the target cell, and therefore fewer off-target effects. Exosomes are generally found most useful as a drug delivery medium in cancer therapy, anti-inflammation and gene interference therapy such as transferring of miRNA.
There are different kinds of cargos encapsulated by exosomes, especially like siRNA or miRNA. The delivery of RNA is attracting because they are rapid degradation in cell circulation and have the limitation in passing through the membrane and in cellular uptake. Chemotherapeutics loaded into exosomes is also used for cancer therapy such as doxorubicin. In principle, there are four key components to achieve correct functionality and efficacy during exosomes drug delivery:1) Choosing the donor cell type to produce drug-carrying exosomes; 2) Using correspond methods to encapsulate the exosomes cargo; 3) Enhancing the specificity of cargo delivery by targeting peptides on the surface of the exosomes; 4) Administrating exosomes to target the area of disease.
Explanation:
https://www.creative-biostructure.com/exosome-applications-652.htm
Answer and Explanation:
All cells come from other cells. during cell division, the parent cells divide forming other cells. The cells prepare for division by multiplication of genetic material so that daughter cells will have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell, synthesis of new organelles such as centrioles and mitochondria and building up of energy stores in form of ATP to drive the cell through the entire process.
Answer:
Pacific Northwest
Explanation:
In the United States, the Pacific Northwest is the region that receives the least thunderstorm in a year. This is because of the location of the region. The region consists of states like Washington, California, Alaska, Hawaii, and Oregon. This region has few thunderstorms due to the nature of the region. The coldness of the pacific ocean means that there is more colder air on the earth. This suppressed the hot air. Thus, conventional rainfall; with thunder is less common. The other factor is the dryness of the region. The dry region has a lower humidity. This lesson the chance of charges air between the two fronts.
<span>The voyage of the HMS Beagle is led by the scientitst
Charles Darwin in search for species around the globe and a curious observation that led him to
theorize about evolution. It leaves form Plymouth Harbor, toured around the
Madeira and Canary islands and made a landfall at the Cape of Verde islands. The
expedition was originally planned to end in two years. It got delayed and
turned into five years due to Darwin spending most of his time exploring on
land. the answer is D.</span>
Answer:
i think it would be c
Explanation: farmers use mechanical devices to do many tasks.
