Answer:
d. less than 100% of the energy captured from sunlight is transformed into potential energy in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient and then into potential energy in the form of covalent bonds
Explanation:
Photosynthesis is process utilized by plants, several bacteria and protists to convert the light energy to chemical energy. So they utilize the photosynthesis as the powerhouse for the energy production. Heterotrophs like human that cannot synthesize their own food, use this converted form of energy by autotrophs.
During the light reaction of photosynthesis the photons from light are absorbed by photosystem I and II. These photons excites the electrons which flow through the electron transport chain from higher potential to lower potential. These electrons release the energy while moving from higher potential to lower potential which is utilized by H+ pump to pump the H+ to lumen of plastids from stroma and of course not the 100% energy is utilized some of the energy dissipates. . So this process causes the accumulation of high potential H+ ions across the membrane. These H+ ions are utilized for the production of ATP by ATP synthase complex when they flow back to lower potential across the membrane through ATP synthase complex.
The ATP and NADPH produced from light reaction are utilized to combine carbon molecules during dark reaction. The covalent bond is used to combine the carbon molecules and we know that combining carbon molecules stores energy in the form of covalent bond.
I'm not sure what you mean by this but here is a diagram of a nephron!! Hope this helps?
"To help foster peace and economic collaboration among European nations" is the one among the following choices given in the question that <span>best describes the purpose of the European Union. The correct option among all the options that are given in the question is the first option or option "A". </span>
B. requires flowers.
Sexual reproduction is one type of biological reproduction wherein the genitals of the male and female organisms engage into a sexual activity in order for the sperm cells to fertilize the egg cells of the females.
In the case of most plants, they engage in asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction happens outside the body system of a cell.
Moreover, this process is extrinsic than its opposite the sexual reproduction which happens in the female reproductive system.
⭐️ A number of forces can cause gene mutations, such as smoking, radiation, viruses, cancer-causing chemicals (carcinogens), obesity, hormones, chronic inflammation and a lack of exercise.⭐️
