Answer:
Having considered how an appropriate primary immune response is mounted to pathogens in both the peripheral lymphoid system and the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, we now turn to immunological memory, which is a feature of both compartments. Perhaps the most important consequence of an adaptive immune response is the establishment of a state of immunological memory. Immunological memory is the ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively to pathogens that have been encountered previously, and reflects the preexistence of a clonally expanded population of antigen-specific lymphocytes. Memory responses, which are called secondary, tertiary, and so on, depending on the number of exposures to antigen, also differ qualitatively from primary responses. This is particularly clear in the case of the antibody response, where the characteristics of antibodies produced in secondary and subsequent responses are distinct from those produced in the primary response to the same antigen. Memory T-cell responses have been harder to study, but can also be distinguished from the responses of naive or effector T cells. The principal focus of this section will be the altered character of memory responses, although we will also discuss emerging explanations of how immunological memory persists after exposure to antigen. A long-standing debate about whether specific memory is maintained by distinct populations of long-lived memory cells that can persist without residual antigen, or by lymphocytes that are under perpetual stimulation by residual antigen, appears to have been settled in favor of the former hypothesis.
Meteorology would be youre answer hope it helps
Answer:
Explanation:
Lymphocytes are the agranular cells of WBC. These are mainly 2 types - T lymphocyte and B- lymphocytes. Natural killer cells/ NK cells are also another type of lymphocyte. The lymphocytes are present in both blood and lymph. They play are responsible for both innate and adaptive immunity.
The natural killer cells are meant for both innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The T cells and B cells are responsible for adaptive immunity.
The humoral immunity is mediated by B cells while T cells are mediated the cell-mediated immunity. When an antigen enters into the body the B cells get to activate and it becomes effector B cells. These B cells are proliferated by mitosis and produce plasma cells. Plasma cells have antibodies which provide adaptive immunity.
Both the B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes are synthesized in the bone marrow. This process is called hematopoiesis. Then these 2 types of cells are separated and mature in different cells. Therefore, bone marrow is the precursor of B cells and T cells.
B lymphocytes are matured in bursa or MALT cells, while the T lymphocytes are matured in the thymus.
T cells are not the only form of lymphocytes found in lymphoid tissues. The lymphoid tissues are - bone marrow cells, WBC, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes. Macrophages are the larger WBC and one form of monocytes.
Answer:
1.)MUSCULARIS
2.) MUCOSA
3)SUBMUCOSA
4) SEROSA
Explanation:
Muscularis reffers to the smooth muscular layer of the wall of contractile organ found in our body or the thin layer of smooth muscle that forms part of a mucous membrane.One of its main function is in aiding
the propelling of nutrients from the lumen to the submucosa.
mucosa reffers to the membrane that covers different cavities in the body and also lines the surface of internal organs in the body. It has layers of epithelial cells that lyes on the layer of loose connective tissue in the body.
Serosa is found in the organs ofabdominal cavity( outer wall ) it reffers to the membrane that consist of a thin layer of cells.
<span>Lithosphere, I know this because I got it right on usatestprep</span>
