Answer:
Similarities: both are chemical messengers, both can have (but don't necessarily have) similar structures (made from amino acids), both can be produced by the central nervous system (hypothalamus produces some hormones), certain molecules can act as both hormones and neurotransmitters (example: norepinephrine).
Differences: neurotransmitters are released by neurons across a synaptic gap, have very short distances to travel, and act very quickly on the neighboring cell. Hormones are released by glands and often have to travel longer distances, which means that they are slower-acting. Also, hormones are typically used for regulation (negative feedback) while neurotransmitters are used for stimulation of a neighboring cell.
Explanation:
Answer:
Cell surface receptors (membrane receptors, transmembrane receptors) are receptors that are embedded in the plasma membrane of cells. They act in cell signaling by receiving (binding to) extracellular molecules. They are specialized integral membrane proteins that allow communication between the cell and the extracellular space.
Explanation:
The type of stimulus following a behavior removes something that is unpleasant is the negative reinforcer.
Stimulus is any signal. This can be in the form of touch, smell, taste, etc. This stimulus triggers the nerve cells of the body that send to signals to the brain to generate a response. For example, when one person touches a hot utensil, the touch of heat acts as a stimulus, where the brain sends response in the form of instantly removal of the hand.
Negative reinforcement is the response towards a stimuli that has not yet been received. For example, taking a medicine before any disease appears is the acts of negative reinforcement.
To know more about negative reinforcement, here
brainly.com/question/14299460
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