Well, Louis Pasteur was a scientist who discovered a process called "pasteurization." What this process is is heating food or whatever liquids to kill the bacteria which might be in it. This process became widely used for milk, as well as for vaccines. It improved food safety for the public and provided for a way that people can get vaccinated so that their immune systems are resistant to disease. So from my knowledge, I would say "<span>better standards for public health" is your answer.
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The Maryland Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery and the Relief of Free Negroes and Others Unlawfully Held, was founded in 1789. I am pretty sure this was the first open abolitionist group. Hope I helped. :)
Sparta I believe... they trained young boys for the military.