The Tariff of 1833. Shortly after the Force Bill was passed through Congress, Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun proposed The Tariff of 1833, also known as the Compromise Tariff, to resolve the Nullification Crisis. The bill was very similar to the Tariff of 1832, but with a few exceptions.
It's a because during the middle ages kingdoms conquer other nations by the numbers as soon as the child has education he (I say he because they didn't allow women to have education back then) he will enlist into one of the European nations and fight.
They made federal government too weak.
Hope this helps!
Simple. The Columbian Exchange exchanged diseased, people, plants, food, and animals. The Americas adapted with new plants and animals like cattle, chicken, etc., and more slaves. Europe gained potatoes, tomatoes, corn, squash, punpkin, etc.
New societies could depend on new sources of food, new animals. That also improved their local economy, and knowledge (learning)