Human monoclonal antibody (mAbs) are emerging in the field of cancer therapy and have become an increasing proportion of new drugs that are recently approved. Although there are some methods to obtain antigen-specific mAbs from human B cells, it is generally impossible to directly immunize human beings with antigens of interest. For example, for infectious agents, those approaches are largely restricted. To solve these obstacles, two main approaches have been developed; either by humanizing antigen-specific antibodies from small experimental animals (which is laborious due to the great genetic differences from humans) or rely on the in vitro selection of antigen-specific binders from human antibody repertoires. However, the human mAbs developed by these methods are usually with low affinity.
We are now coming up with a much better idea that is humanizing non-human primates mAbs instead of murine mAbs. Due to the close genetic relationship with humans, immunized NHPs have more potential to be isolated with high affinity antibody to human target than other experimental species, such as mouse, rat and rabbit. In addition, with appropriate method, NHP antibodies are much<span> easier to be humanized</span> without any loss of affinity compared to widely used murine antibodies.
Resource: http://www.creative-biolabs.com/High-Affi-TM-Human-Antibody-Discovery.html
A frameshift mutation<span> (also called a framing error or a reading </span>frame shift<span>) is a genetic </span>mutation caused<span>by indels (insertions or deletions) of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three.</span>
C. Acid <span>effervescence</span>
Potassium is 10 to 20 times higher inside the cell, and sodium is 10 to 20 times higher outside the cell. The potential difference across the cell is important in several processes such as transmission of nerve impulses and maintain the ion balance.
The sodium concentration higher out side and potassium higher inside the cell then it moves two potassium into the cell where potassium levels are high and pump three sodium ions out of the cell and into the extracellular fluid.
This is due to action of membrane active transport system which pumps sodium out of the cell and potassium into it. Both helps in body maintain flid and blood volume so it can function normally.
To learn more about active transport system here
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