Answer:
A frameshift changes every codon past it. A base substitution only changes one codon.
Explanation:
DNA is comprised of nucleotides (A, C, T, G) that make up amino acids. Every three bases is called a codon and represents an amino acid.
In a frameshift mutation, a nucleotide is either added or deleted from the sequence. This offsets the entire sequence after it because the reading frame shifts. Here's an example:
ACTGCTATCGTCATC
If another T is added in between the first and second codons, then every codon after will be changed.
ACT>T<GCTATCGTCATC
A substitution mutation is usually less severe, as it only alters one codon in the sequence. These occur when one nucleotide is replaced by another one. Here's an example:
ACTGCTATCGTCATC
Let's say the first G is replaced by a T.
ACT>T<CTATCGTCATC
As you can see, none of the other codons changed.
Typically, a frameshift mutation is considered worse than a substitution mutation.
Answer:
DNA polymerases from human cells will denature under these conditions.
Explanation:
Under the PCR conditions described, DNA polymerase from <em>T. aquaticus </em>would be more effective than DNA polymerase from human cells. This is due to the higher optimal temperature of DNA polymerase from <em>T. aquaticus. </em>
Answer:
Streptococcus
Explanation:
Coccus (plural cocci) bacteria are those that are oval or spherical in shape when viewed under a microscope. Coccus bacteria end up forming different shapes when they reproduce or multiply.
When they grow in clusters, they are referred to as Staphylococci, when in chains, they are streptococci and when they are arranged in pairs, they are diplococci. Enterococci are arranged in short chains or in pairs but usually gram positive in nature.
The correct option is streptococcus.
Answer:
The ground tissue found in plants I'll called parenchyma tissue