If you are thinking about American History, this created the Dustbowl.
Answer: First line of defense, the cells of the innate recognize and respond to pathogens in a generic and fast way and does not confer long-term or protective immunity. Recruitment of immune cells to the sites of infection and inflammation and activation of the complement system cascade.
Explanation:
Innate immunity is a defense system that you were born with and that protects you against all antigens. Innate immunity consists of barriers that prevent harmful materials from entering the body. These barriers form the first line of defense in the immune response. There are also <u>phagocytic cells</u> of the immune system which include: <u>macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells</u>. The membrane receptors of those cells allow it to act on the recognition of danger signals and they are of the type TLR and PRR. These are Antigen Presenting cells which process the pathogens and display their antigens on their surface and takes it to B lymphocytes for the production of antibodies, which is part of the adaptive immune system.
<u>This means that the cells of the innate recognize and respond to pathogens in a generic and fast way</u> and, unlike the adaptive immune response, <u>does not confer long-term or protective immunity to the host.</u>
So, the main functions of the innate immune response include:
- Recruitment of immune cells to the sites of infection and inflammation, through the production of chemical factors, including specialized chemical mediators, called cytokines.
- Activation of the complement system cascade to identify bacteria, activate cells and promote clearance of dead cells or antibody complexes.
- The identification and removal of foreign substances present in organs, tissues, blood and lymph, by leukocytes.
- The activation of the adaptive immune response through a process known as antigen presentation.
- Inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection or irritation. It is stimulated by the release of chemical factors and serves to establish a physical barrier against the spread of infection, and to promote the recovery of some damaged tissue following clearance from pathogens. Chemical factors produced during inflammation (histamine, bradykinin, serotonin, leukotrienes) sensitize pain receptors, cause vasodilation of blood vessels at the scene, and attract phagocytes, especially neutrophils.
Individuals adapt to their environments and, thereby, evolve
Explanation:
Natural selection is the main process which advances evolution by aiding organisms to survive and produce more offspring through adapting more to their environment. Mutations, gene transfer, and genetic variations also drive evolution.
Both natural selection and evolution work on genetic behaviors in populations rather than individuals. Both natural selection and evolution are involved in generating changes over generations. Examples of evolution is the disappearing of tail bone, decreased head size and for natural selection example is the long and short necked giraffe.
A motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Think of a car, it burns fuel (electrical energy) and turns it into tire spinning (mechanical energy)
Answer:
In contrast, major disturbances include large-scale wind events (such as tropical cyclones), volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, intense forest fires, epidemics, ocean temperature changes stemming from El Niño events or other climate phenomena, and pollution and land-use conversion caused by humans.
Explanation:
