Answer:
ligand; ions; ligand; ions; nervous system
Explanation:
Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane protein complexes that open when they bind to their corresponding ligands (e.g., neurotransmitters). This type of receptor is known to modulate the synaptic transmission between neuron cells or neuron and muscle cells. In the nervous system, ligand-gated ion channels located at sites of synaptic contact determine the ion flow in response to neurotransmitter binding. Some examples of ligand-gated ion channels include gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABA-A) and nicotinic cholinergic receptors.
Definition
A technique which is used to separate, DNA, RNA or protein pieces from each other under the influence of electric field on the basis of their molecular size is known as gel electrophoresis.
Explanation
This method is very reliable for separation of large size molecule (over 1 million Da). Materials which are required for gel electrophoresis include:
1. TAE stock buffer
2. 1% agrose gel
3. Nucleic acid loading dye
4. Ethidium bromide
Procedure:
First prepare a stock solution of TAE buffer by adding appropriate amount of TAE in distilled water. then prepare 1% agrose by adding 1X TAE, some amount of agrose in water and heating it in microwve oven to mix them will. then pour agrose gel on tray and fix comb in it and keep it untill agrose dry. Then remove comb and pour some quantity of nucleic acid along with loading dye and ethidium bromide in each well. EtBr is used for staining nucleic acid.
When sample is poured in all well also pour reference marker in one well for comparison. now connect it with voltage for 30-35 min. After this take gel and see it under UV. a large number of nucleic acid pieces will be seen on gel under UV. those pieces which have small molecular weight will cover more distance compared to those having larger molecular weight.
1. If we cross YyLl (heterozygous parent with dominant traits) with yyll (homozygous parent with recessive traits)
P: YyLl x yyll
F1 generation: YyLl: 400 Yyll: 100 yyLl: 100 yyll: 400
Recombinant offspring are those children whose genes contain a non-parental allele combination (neither allele group is directly inherited from either parent). This happens when genes are located on the same chromosome but are so far apart from one another so that their alleles get crossed over during meiosis. In this case, Yyll and yyLl are the recombinant.
2. Calculation of distance between Y and L.
The numbers of the two recombinant types is 200 (100 Yyll + 100 yyLl) and 800 parental offspring.
Total number of offspring is 1000.
So: 200/1000*100=20 map units.
There is 20 percent recombinant offspring frequency.
In my opinion mixed layers would be the best choice
