<span>Cytotoxic t-cell subpopulations are specialized to combat intracellular pathogens, whereas helper t-cell subpopulations are specialized to combat extracellular pathogens.
</span>Cytotoxic t-cell are CD8+ cells. Cytotoxic t-cell uses granzymes to <span>kill </span><span>intracellular bacteria, that lives in the cytosol such as viruses. They identify the pathogen forgein peptids that are bounded to MHC-I on the cell surface.
</span>
cd4+ T helper (Th) cells include Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells. They contribute to aliergic reactions and fighting extracellular parasites.
Answer:
In anaphase, the shortest stage of mitosis, the sister chromatids break apart, and the chromosomes begin moving to opposite ends of the cell. By the end of anaphase, the 2 halves of the cell have an equivalent collection of chromosomes. In telophase, 2 daughter nuclei form. The nuclear envelope beings to reappear.
Fossils can provide ......information about the entire evolutionary process....
Answer:
Competition.
Explanation:
The interaction between the organisms can be beneficial harmful or neutral depending on the types of organisms. Different types of interaction are mutualism, ammensalism and commensalism.
The competition occurs when the individual compete for the same resources or for the habitat. The competition results in the exclusion of one species and determines the distribution of other species.
Thus, the answer is competition.
Answer:
Main function of phloem Transportation of food particles.
Explanation:
Phloem is the living vascular tissue in plants. Phloem is also known as bast. Phloem is responsible for transporting food to parts of the plant where needed. It's mainly transport sugar sucrose which is made by photosynthesis. This transport process is called translocation. In trees the phloem is the innermost layer of the bark.
