Examples of positive and beneficial mutation:
- Antibiotic resistance by bacteria
- Almond tree gene mutation
- Humans immunity to HIV
Examples of negative and harmful mutation
- Cystic fibrosis
- Frame shift mutation
- Cancer
Examples of neutral mutation;
- Bovine and human insulin
- Silent point mutation
- Missense mutation
<h3>What are mutation?</h3>
Mutations are results from change in gene structures that leads to variations in form that can be transferred or passed down to generations. This is usually caused by alterations in the single base unit of DNAs by insertion, deletion or rearrangement of genes or chromosomes.
Positive and beneficial mutations result in retained from of adaptation like antibiotic resistance by bacteria, harmful mutation causes harm such as cancer, while neutral has little or no effect example, silent mutations.
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The Energy required for photosynthesis is absorbed by plants through green pigments known as Chlorophyll, in the form of Sunlight which is later used up during photosynthesis to produce Glucose.
Hydrosphere- encompasses all marine environments.
Lithosphere- encompasses all terrestrial environments
Atmosphere- encompasses all areal environments
Biosphere- how the previous three spheres all combine to make the Earth
Alleles on homologous chromosomes determine traits.
The cytoplasmic fragments of the megakaryocytes constitute the platelets, this fragments simultaneously into thousands of new platelet cells, these morphological changes are known as proplatelets.
<h3>What are proplatelets?</h3>
They are cytoplasmic protrusions from which platelets or fragments are going to be detached that end up maturing in the circulation.
<h3>Characteristics of proplatelets</h3>
- Platelets are formed from the fragmentation of giant cells, which emit cytoplasmic protrusions.
- Each megakaryocyte has about 6 proplatelets, and each proplatelet houses about 8,000 platelets, these "bags" full of platelets enter the bloodstream where they break, releasing them.
Therefore, we can conclude that the megakaryocytes form the future platelets, these platelets are grouped in cytoplasmic portions, called proplatelets.
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