Funneling (or shrinkage) is the correct answer.
Explanation: The phenomenon by which most criminals escape punishment and evade restitutions is known as the funnelig (or shrinkage) phenomenon which has a lot to do with a "leaky net". The reason why many escape from punishment and their financial obligations are:
- Victims did not report the crimes.
- Crimes not responded to or investigated.
- Criminals were not arrested, indicted, prosecuted or convicted.
- Criminals were not able to or unwilling to make the restitution.
1.The Trans-Arabian Pipeline Company was a company created as joint venture by Standard Oil of New Jersey, the Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, the Texas Company and the Standard Oil of California in order to run and build the Trans-Arabian Pipeline.
2.Basically it shut down due to various political and economic reasons. The part of the pipeline was after the six-day war under the control of Israel, but they allowed it to function. The constant bickering over transit fees between Syria, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and the pipeline breakdowns as well as the development of bigger oil tankers led to the closing of the portion of the pipeline. Saudi Arabia closed the rest after Jordan supported Iraq in the first Gulf War. The company became the subsidiary of Aramco and as the oil stopped flowing Aramco closed the subsidiary.
This student's primary goal most likely is to "Obtain an academic degree".
A dissertation is an archive submitted in help of candidature for a scholarly degree or expert capability introducing the creator's exploration and discoveries. As in the given scenario, a student study on the attack patterns of al qaeda terrorists for obtaining academic degree.
Answer: (e) peer review
Explanation:
Peer review is the evaluation of an author's work by a group of experts, scholars, and professionals within the same field so as to check the authenticity, validity, and quality of such work, and also determine if it is worthy of publication. Such review also helps to determine if a work would be accepted or not.
Subjecting a work to peer review helps to maintain the quality of research work carried out as this comes with placing restrictions on work which do not meet the required standard or have inaccurate or false claims.