After the ottomans blocked the Europeans trade routes to the Indian subcontinent and the rest of Asia Europe had to find an ocean route around Africa which put them in contact with many indigenous populations which the Europeans would colonize and enslave in order to exploit the routes they had to take to get to Asia <span />
He confirmed the papacy in possession of Ravenna and the Pentapolis, the so-called Donation of Pepin, whereby the Papal States were established and the temporal reign of the papacy officially began.
The British because the Dutch surrendered to the British