Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.
Answer:
By knocking out genes responsible for certain conditions it is possible to create animal model organisms of human diseases. As well as producing hormones, vaccines and other drugs , genetic engineering has the potential to cure genetic diseases through gene therapy.
Explanation:
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When our bodies overcome the offensive tactics of a particular microorganism, this is referred to as Resistance.
The body's defense against infection is provided by the immune system, a complex network of organs, cells, and proteins that also safeguards the body's own cells.
Our immune system remembers every germ (microbe) that the immune system has ever eliminated, allowing it to promptly identify and eliminate the microbe if it re-enters the body.
The body contains a number of additional mechanisms in addition to the immune system for defending itself against microorganisms, such as:
The skin acts as a waterproof barrier and secretes oil that has antibacterial qualities.
Lungs: Phlegm (mucous) in the lungs collects foreign particles, and tiny hairs (cilia) waft the phlegm upward so that it can be expelled through coughing.
digestive tract: Most germs can be killed by stomach acid and the mucous lining, which contains antibodies.
Added defenses include the anti-bacterial enzymes found in body fluids like skin oil, saliva, and tears, which can lower the chance of infection. Constant bowel and urinary tract flushing are also beneficial.
Learn more about the immune system here:
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Answer:
Cells provide the necessary structural support for an organism.
P.s you should link or photograph the model
Answer:
Until recently, most neuroscientists thought we were born with all the neurons we were ever going to have. As children we might produce some new neurons to help build the pathways - called neural circuits - that act as information highways between different areas of the brain. But scientists believed that once a neural circuit was in place, adding any new neurons would disrupt the flow of information and disable the brain’s communication system.
In 1962, scientist Joseph Altman challenged this belief when he saw evidence of neurogenesis (the birth of neurons) in a region of the adult rat brain called the hippocampus. He later reported that newborn neurons migrated from their birthplace in the hippocampus to other parts of the brain. In 1979, another scientist, Michael Kaplan, confirmed Altman’s findings in the rat brain, and in 1983 he found neural precursor cells in the forebrain of an adult monkey.
These discoveries about neurogenesis in the adult brain were surprising to other researchers who didn’t think they could be true in humans. But in the early 1980s, a scientist trying to understand how birds learn to sing suggested that neuroscientists look again at neurogenesis in the adult brain and begin to see how it might make sense. In a series of experiments, Fernando Nottebohm and his research team showed that the numbers of neurons in the forebrains of male canaries dramatically increased during the mating season. This was the same time in which the birds had to learn new songs to attract females.
Why did these bird brains add neurons at such a critical time in learning? Nottebohm believed it was because fresh neurons helped store new song patterns within the neural circuits of the forebrain, the area of the brain that controls complex behaviors. These new neurons made learning possible. If birds made new neurons to help them remember and learn, Nottebohm thought the brains of mammals might too.
Other scientists believed these findings could not apply to mammals, but Elizabeth Gould later found evidence of newborn neurons in a distinct area of the brain in monkeys, and Fred Gage and Peter Eriksson showed that the adult human brain produced new neurons in a similar area.
For some neuroscientists, neurogenesis in the adult brain is still an unproven theory. But others think the evidence offers intriguing possibilities about the role of adult-generated neurons in learning and memory.
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