Socialism is an economic philosophy which develops as an answer to the different problems presented by capitalism. Advocates of this philosopy claim that unchecked capitalism only deals with short-term goals, such as making profit, so long-term plans in infrastructure, workers, environment, among others, are not considered. Different varieties of socialism tend to strongly disagree with one another, but they all agree on the fact that capitalism, if left unchecked, constitutes a great danger to the economy of a country.
Leninism is a political theory developed by <em>Vladimir Lenin</em>, which comprises both political and economic theories, developed from Lenin's interpretation of Karl Marx's theories. He proposed the organization of a <em>Revolutionary Vanguard Party </em>and the achievement of a Dictatorship of the Proletariat as a prelude to the establishment of socialism. His idea involved turning the working classes against their class enemies.
Social Democracy is a political, social and economic theory that supports interventions to promote social justice. Social democracy originated as a peaceful transition from capitalism to socialism. This theory is associated with Keynesian economics - which advocates the intervention of the government in market economy, state interventionism, and the welfare state. It praises commitment to fighting inequality, oppression of underpriviledged groups, and poverty.
The <em>concept of scarcity</em> states that there will be a deficit regarding the supply of a certain good in comparison the demand for it. Therefore, a state budget must revise its current state knowing that there will always be some players who will lose benefits in the attempt of shifting the assignment of resources.
The <em>marginal analysis</em> is an examination of the additional benefits a certain activity gets compared to a number of additional resources assigned to it. It helps the state government have a better view of where to allocate resources. As there are sectors that will probably gain more benefits than others with the same assigning of resources. The key to this analysis is to now the best amount to allocate to each sector in order to get the maximum efficiency of the budget.
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