What allows people to see objects? radio waves glass X-rays light

Why did humans hunt seals nearly to extinction?

r-ruslan [8.4K]

Answer:

because they need foodi think

5 0

3 years ago

Read 2 more answers

What role can exosomes play in disease treatment? who can tell me detailed information? Any help would be appreciated. Thanks in

jolli1 [7]

Answer:

Exosomes as Therapeutic Target

Given the fact that elevated exosome levels are often correlated with greater severity of different types of cancer, reducing circulating exosomes to normal levels is one of therapeutic strategies to increase treatment efficacy. There are different approaches to modulate exosome production: 1) Inhibition of exosome formation: inhibit crucial proteins involved in exosome formation pathway; 2) Inhibition of exosome release: inhibit important regulators of exosome release process, increased intracellular Ca2+, change cellular microenvironmental pH; 3) Inhibition of exosome uptake: add proteinase for surface proteins on exosomes may serve as receptors for uptake pathways. In addition to control exosomes production, removal of exosomes from the entire circulatory system might be a novel strategy for cancer treatment.

Exosomes could also be used as cancer immunotherapy becasue tumor-derived exosomes carry antigens that is a great source of specific stimulus for the immune response against tumors. Both tumor-derived and dendritic cell-derived exosomes have showed capability to stimulate tumor antigen-specific responses in experimental animal models and human clinical trials.

Exosomes as Targeted Drug Delivery Vehicles

Exosomes became one of the most common methods applied in drug delivery system because of several advantages they have. Firstly, exosomes normally have a small size 40-100 nm, which is more homogenous compared to other microvesicles. This will lead them to evade rapid clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte and enhances passage through fenestrations in the vessel wall. Secondly, due to their endogenous origin, they are less toxic for and better tolerated by the immune system. It facilitates them to avoid causing side effects that normally occur with synthetic nanoparticles. Additionally, the specific ligand or protein expressed on the exosome surface increases efficiency of cargo into the cytosol of the target cell, and therefore fewer off-target effects. Exosomes are generally found most useful as a drug delivery medium in cancer therapy, anti-inflammation and gene interference therapy such as transferring of miRNA.

There are different kinds of cargos encapsulated by exosomes, especially like siRNA or miRNA. The delivery of RNA is attracting because they are rapid degradation in cell circulation and have the limitation in passing through the membrane and in cellular uptake. Chemotherapeutics loaded into exosomes is also used for cancer therapy such as doxorubicin. In principle, there are four key components to achieve correct functionality and efficacy during exosomes drug delivery:1) Choosing the donor cell type to produce drug-carrying exosomes; 2) Using correspond methods to encapsulate the exosomes cargo; 3) Enhancing the specificity of cargo delivery by targeting peptides on the surface of the exosomes; 4) Administrating exosomes to target the area of disease.

Explanation:

https://www.creative-biostructure.com/exosome-applications-652.htm

5 0

2 years ago

[Chapter 3-4] A cross was carried out between the following two pureline parental strains:Parent 1: A/A; b/b; D/D; e/e; F/FParen

andrew-mc [135]

Answer:

Following the selfing of the F1 from the cross between the two parental strains, what proportion of the F2 individuals will phenotypically resemble either one of the two parental lines?

= 7.03% of F2 progeny will resemble parent 1

= 2.34% of F2 progeny will resemble parent 2.

Explanation:

Parent 1: AA; b/b; D/D; e/e; F/F

Parent 2: a/a; B/B; d/d; E/E; f/f

F1 Progeny: A/a; B/b; D/d; E/e; F/f

knowing that the F1 progeny is selfed, the possible gamete outcomes are:

ABDeF , ABDEf, ABdeF, ABdEf

AbDeF , AbDEf , AbdeF , AbdEf

aBDeF , aBDEf , aBdeF , aBdEf

abDeF , abDEf , abdeF , abdEf

All gametes are either eF or Ef (the two parental genotypes) and never EF or ef.

At the A, B and D loci, the F1 are heterozygotes. Therefore, in the F2 progeny, for each locus, 3/4 of the progeny will have the dominant trait while 1/4 will have the recessive phenotype. Further, 1/2 of all F2 progeny will have the haplotype eF and the other half will be Ef.

Proportion of progeny resembling Parent 1:

Parent 1 has the Phenoytpe AbDeF. As previously discussed, 3/4th of all F2 progeny has the phenotype A, 1/4th of F2 progeny has the phenotype b, 3/4th of F2 progeny has the phenotype D and 1/2 of F progeny has the phenotype eF.

Thus, the proportion of progeny resembling Parent 1

= 3/4 x 1/4 x 3/4 x 1/2 = 0.0703125

= 7.03% of F2 progeny will resemble parent 1.

Proportion of progeny resembling Parent 2:

Parent 2 has the Phenoytpe aBdEf. As previously discussed, 1/4th of all F2 progeny has the phenotype a, 3/4th of F2 progeny has the phenotype B, 1/4th of F2 progeny has the phenotype d and 1/2 of F progeny has the phenotype Ef.

Thus, Proportion of progeny resembling parent 2

= 1/4 x 3/4 x 1/4 x 1/2 = 0.0234375

= 2.34% of F2 progeny will resemble parent 2.

7 0

3 years ago

Trees play an important role in the carbon cycle because

MariettaO [177]

Forests exchange large amounts of CO2 and other gases with the atmosphere and store carbon, in various forms, in trees and soils. ... Much of the CO2 in the air above a forest is taken in by trees through the process of photosynthesis,where it becomes one of the building blocks fortree growth or energy for life. (i hope this can help you ):)

4 0

3 years ago

Which of the following was not

son4ous [18]

Answer:

the answer B...................

4 0

3 years ago

Read 2 more answers