Answer:
e. Cognitive Abilities
Explanation:
Based on the information provided it can be said that the influence on perception involved here is cognitive abilities. This refers to an individual's general mental capability which includes reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, etc. In other words how well the individual is functioning. Cultural, Social Roles, and Age have nothing to do with this and Physiology focuses on the how different parts of an organism function.
 
        
             
        
        
        
Answer:
Adaptive leadership
Explanation:
Adaptive leadership - 
It the type of leadership , which helps the person and even the organisations to adjust and accommodate to any type of alterations in the working environment , is known as adaptive leadership . 
The changes could be like using new method , or any new technology .
In this type of leadership quality , the person tends  reward for the performance of the employee and encourage them to do well .
And , even can easily deal with any alteration of the employee and know the strategy to how to treat them . 
 
        
             
        
        
        
Gabriel said to his son, "I can tell you are getting smarter because you can talk about things like democracy and freedom in a more philosophical way." basically, Gabriel is saying his son is capable of: abstract thinking. Abstract thinking focuses on reflecting events and ideas, and attributes and relationships separate from the objects that have those attributes or share those relationships. 
 
        
             
        
        
        
Adolescent egocentrism is a term that David Elkind used to describe the phenomenon of adolescents' inability to distinguish between their perception of what others think about them and what people actually think in reality.[1] David Elkind's theory on adolescent egocentrism is drawn from Piaget's theory on cognitive developmental stages, which argues that formal operations enable adolescents to construct imaginary situations and abstract thinking.[2]
Accordingly, adolescents are able to conceptualize their own thoughts and conceive of other people's thoughts.[1] However, Elkind pointed out that adolescents tend to focus mostly on their own perceptions – especially on their behaviors and appearance – because of the "physiological metamorphosis" they experience during this period. This leads to adolescents' belief that other people are as attentive to their behaviors and appearance as they are of themselves.[1] According to Elkind, adolescent egocentrism results in two consequential mental constructions, namely imaginary audience and personal fable.