Answer:
Helper T cells are arguably the most important cells in adaptive immunity, as they are required for almost all adaptive immune responses. They not only help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes, but they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells.
Explanation:
Helper T cells become activated when they are presented with peptide antigens by MHC class II molecules, which are expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Once activated, they divide rapidly and secrete cytokines that regulate or assist the immune response.
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Answer:
By changing a gene's instructions for making a protein, a mutation can cause the protein to malfunction or to be missing entirely. When a mutation alters a protein that plays a critical role in the body, it can disrupt normal development or cause a medical condition.
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Answer;
D) Linnaeus primarily used physical characteristics.
Explanation;
-Carolus Linnaeus developed naming system that is still used today, called binomial nomenclature. He is known as the Father of Taxonomy, which is the system of classifying and naming organisms.
-Among is contribution is the development of a hierarchical system of classification of nature, which includes eight taxa: domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
-However, some of Carl Linnaeus's classifications of organisms were incorrect because Linnaeus primarily used physical characteristics.
